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Histology
45 flashcards
The skin has three layers: the epidermis (outermost), dermis (connective tissue), and hypodermis (adipose tissue).
Histology is the study of the microscopic structure of tissues and organs in the body.
The four basic tissue types are: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.
Epithelial tissue forms the covering or lining of all body surfaces, cavities and tubes. It protects, secretes, and absorbs.
The main types are: simple (single layer) and stratified (multiple layers). They can also be squamous, cuboidal or columnar based on cell shape.
The extracellular matrix is the non-living component in connective tissue made of proteins and glycosaminoglycans secreted by cells.
The main types are: loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, specialized connective tissues like cartilage and bone.
Muscle tissue is responsible for movement through contraction and relaxation. It provides force for locomotion, circulation, digestion and other body activities.
The three types are: skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle.
Nervous tissue is responsible for receiving stimuli from the body and external environment, conducting electrical impulses, and triggering responses.
The two main cell types are neurons (nerve cells) that transmit nerve impulses, and neuroglia that support and protect neurons.
The basement membrane is a thin extracellular matrix that separates the epithelial tissue layer from underlying connective tissue.
Adipose tissue is a specialized connective tissue that stores energy as fat, insulates the body, and cushions and protects organs.
Goblet cells are modified simple columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus, found lining the intestines and respiratory tract.
A pseudostratified epithelium is a type of epithelium that appears stratified but is actually just a single layer of irregularly shaped cells.
The myelin sheath is a fatty insulating layer surrounding axons that increases the speed of electrical impulse conduction in neurons.
Satellite cells are stem cells found between the plasma membrane and basement membrane of muscle fibers, responsible for repair and growth.
A skeletal muscle fiber is a large, multinucleated cell composed of myofibrils containing actin and myosin protein filaments.
The three layers are: the tunica intima (inner), tunica media (middle), and tunica adventitia (outer layer).
The adrenal gland has two zones: the outer cortex comprised of hormone-secreting cells, and the inner medulla of neurosecretory cells.
Lymph nodes are enclosed in connective tissue and have an outer cortex of lymphoid follicles and an inner medulla with sinuses.
Intestinal villi are finger-like projections of the intestinal epithelium that increase surface area for absorption.
The Islets of Langerhans are clusters of endocrine cells scattered in the pancreas that secrete hormones like insulin and glucagon.
Cilia are microscopic hair-like projections on some epithelial cells that move in waves to circulate fluid or trapped particles.
Simple squamous epithelium forms a thin, unfolded lining that allows diffusion, found lining blood vessels, air sacs of lungs, etc.
The kidney cortex has an outer cortical zone and an inner juxtamedullary zone closer to the inner medulla region.
Hyaline cartilage is a semi-rigid connective tissue found at bone ends that is strong but flexible and allows smooth movements.
Hepatocytes are the main cell type in the liver that carries out functions like detoxification, metabolism and production of bile.
Bone tissue is comprised of concentric layers called osteons or Haversian systems containing osteocytes surrounded by a mineral matrix.
Taste buds are clusters of gustatory receptor cells on the tongue that detect taste molecules and send signals to the brain.
A nephron consists of a renal corpuscle (glomerulus and Bowman's capsule), proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule.
Purkinje fibers are specialized cardiac muscle fibers in the heart that rapidly conduct electrical impulses to coordinate ventricle contractions.
Goblet cells in the respiratory tract secrete mucus that traps dust, bacteria and other particles for removal by ciliary action.
Rod and cone cells are photoreceptor neurons in the retina that detect light and are responsible for vision.
Gap junctions are intercellular connections that allow molecules, ions and electrical impulses to be directly transferred between neighboring cells.
The blood-brain barrier is a cellular layer that selectively restricts passage of substances from blood into the brain's extracellular fluid.
The spleen has red pulp containing blood cells and white pulp containing lymphoid tissue arranged around central arterioles.
Parietal cells are epithelial cells in the stomach lining that secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor for digestion.
The three germ layers that give rise to tissues are the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
The thyroid consists of follicles lined by follicular cells that secrete thyroid hormones into a colloid interior.
Melanocytes are specialized cells in the basal layer of the epidermis that produce the pigment melanin.
Exocrine glands secrete products like enzymes or hormones into ducts, while endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
Acini are clusters of cells arranged in small sacs or tube-like structures that synthesize and secrete substances like saliva or enzymes.
Pacinian corpuscles are encapsulated nerve endings in the skin that detect pressure, vibration and other deformations.
The blood-testis barrier protects sperm cells from the immune system by preventing entry of molecules from blood into the seminiferous tubules.