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Organic Chemistry
47 flashcards
An electrophile is a species that accepts an electron pair to form a new covalent bond in a chemical reaction.
A Lewis acid is a species that can accept a pair of electrons, often used as a catalyst in organic reactions.
A Lewis base is a species that can donate a pair of electrons, often used as a catalyst in organic reactions.
A chiral molecule is a molecule that is non-superimposable on its mirror image, resulting in the existence of two stereoisomers called enantiomers.
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-based compounds and their properties, structure, composition, reactions, and preparation.
The basis of organic chemistry is the unique ability of carbon atoms to form covalent bonds with themselves and other elements, giving rise to a vast array of compounds.
The major categories of organic compounds include alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, and halides.
A functional group is an atom or group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of that molecule.
An alkane is a saturated hydrocarbon compound containing only single bonds between carbon atoms and the general formula CnH2n+2.
An alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon compound containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond and the general formula CnH2n.
An alkyne is an unsaturated hydrocarbon compound containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond and the general formula CnH2n-2.
An aromatic compound is a cyclic planar compound with a delocalized pi electron system that follows the Hückel rule, such as benzene.
An alcohol is an organic compound containing a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group bound to a carbon atom.
An ether is an organic compound containing an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups.
An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a formyl (-CHO) functional group.
A ketone is an organic compound containing a carbonyl (C=O) functional group flanked by two alkyl or aryl groups.
A carboxylic acid is an organic compound containing a carboxyl (-COOH) functional group.
An ester is an organic compound derived from the condensation reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol, with the general formula RCOOR'.
An amine is an organic compound containing a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair of electrons.
A halide is an organic compound containing a halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine) atom bonded to an alkyl or aryl group.
A substitution reaction is an organic reaction in which one functional group is replaced by another, such as in the conversion of alkyl halides to alcohols.
An addition reaction is an organic reaction in which two or more reactants combine to form a single product, such as in the hydrogenation of alkenes.
An elimination reaction is an organic reaction in which a small molecule (such as water or hydrogen halide) is removed from a larger molecule, often resulting in the formation of a multiple bond.
A rearrangement reaction is an organic reaction in which the atoms within a molecule are redistributed, resulting in a structural isomer of the original molecule.
A redox reaction is an organic reaction involving the transfer of electrons, leading to changes in the oxidation states of the atoms involved.
A radical reaction is an organic reaction involving free radicals, which are highly reactive species with unpaired electrons.
A polymer is a large molecule composed of repeating structural units called monomers, joined by covalent bonds.
A biomolecule is an organic molecule that is produced by living organisms and plays a crucial role in biological processes, such as proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates.
Stereoisomers are compounds with the same molecular formula and connectivity of atoms but differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms.
Constitutional isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different connectivity of atoms or different functional groups.
A resonance structure is one of several Lewis structures that can be drawn for a particular molecule, representing the delocalization of electrons.
A nucleophile is a species that donates an electron pair to form a new covalent bond in a chemical reaction.
Optical activity is the ability of a chiral molecule to rotate the plane of polarized light, either to the left (levorotatory) or to the right (dextrorotatory).
A racemic mixture is an equimolar mixture of two enantiomers, which has no optical activity due to the cancellation of their opposite rotations.
In organic chemistry, resolution is the process of separating a racemic mixture into its individual enantiomers.
Retrosynthetic analysis is a problem-solving technique in organic chemistry that involves working backward from a desired product to determine the possible starting materials and synthetic pathways.
A protecting group is a temporary substituent used in organic synthesis to mask the reactivity of a functional group during a specific reaction, which can later be removed.
A conjugated system is a system of alternating single and multiple bonds, allowing for the delocalization of electron density across the molecule.
Aromaticity is a property of certain cyclic, planar, conjugated systems that exhibit enhanced stability due to the delocalization of electrons in the pi system.
A pericyclic reaction is a concerted organic reaction in which a cyclic transition state is formed, involving the simultaneous formation and breaking of bonds.
A photochemical reaction is an organic reaction initiated by the absorption of light or photons, often involving the formation of reactive intermediates like radicals or excited states.
Green chemistry principles are guidelines that aim to design and develop chemical products and processes that minimize the use and generation of hazardous substances, while reducing energy consumption and waste.
A natural product is a chemical compound or substance produced by a living organism, often with complex structures and diverse biological activities.
A synthetic equivalent is a reagent or reactant that can be used in place of another to achieve the same transformation or introduce the same functional group.
Tautomers are structural isomers that interconvert rapidly through a migration of a proton and the rearrangement of electrons, often involving keto-enol or amine-imine tautomerism.
Kinetic control in organic reactions refers to the preferential formation of a product based on the relative rates of the competing reaction pathways, favoring the formation of the kinetically favored product.
Thermodynamic control in organic reactions refers to the preferential formation of the most stable product, based on the relative stabilities of the possible products, favoring the formation of the thermodynamically favored product.