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Inorganic Chemistry
39 flashcards
Inorganic chemistry is the study of properties and reactions of inorganic compounds, which are compounds that do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds, with certain exceptions like oxides of carbon.
Major topics include periodic trends, molecular structure and bonding theory, acids and bases, redox reactions, coordination chemistry, solid state chemistry, and the chemistry of metals and minerals.
The periodic table is the arrangement of chemical elements in order of increasing atomic number. It allows us to study periodic trends in properties like atomic radius, electronegativity, and ionization energy across periods and groups.
Ionic bonds form when metals donate electrons to non-metals, forming cations and anions. Salts like sodium chloride (NaCl) are ionic compounds.
Covalent bonds involve sharing of electrons between atoms. Polar covalent bonds occur when electrons are shared unequally due to differences in electronegativity, resulting in dipole moments.
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory predicts the geometry of molecules based on minimizing repulsion between electron pairs around a central atom.
Lewis structures depict the bonding in molecules/ions using dots and lines to represent valence electrons. They show electron pair geometry and multiple bonds.
Metallic bonds involve delocalized valence electrons that are free to move through the metal crystal lattice. Band theory explains conductivity and other properties of metals.
Coordination compounds contain complex ions with a central metal atom bonded to ions or molecules (ligands) by coordinate covalent bonds. Examples are Werner complexes.
Coordination compounds are named by first naming the ligands, followed by the metal with its oxidation state in Roman numerals.
Crystal field theory explains the splitting of d-orbital energies in transition metal complexes due to the electrostatic fields created by surrounding ligands.
Lanthanides and actinides are the two inner transition metal series in the periodic table, exhibiting very similar chemical properties due to filling of 4f and 5f orbitals respectively.
Semiconductors have conductivities between metals and insulators due to small band gaps. Examples are silicon, germanium. Their conductivity can be tuned by doping.
Solid state defects are irregularities in the crystal structure of solids. Types include point defects (vacancies, interstitials), line defects (dislocations), and bulk or plane defects (grain boundaries).
Glass is a non-crystalline, amorphous solid formed by rapid cooling of molten materials like silica. Unlike crystals, its atoms lack long-range periodic order.
Ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic solids made from compounds formed by heating and cooling. They are hard, heat-resistant materials used in pottery, tiles, bricks, etc.
Silicates are a large class of minerals containing silicon-oxygen anions. Examples are quartz, mica, feldspar. They are the most abundant minerals and major components of rocks and clay.
Minerals are inorganic, naturally occurring solids with a characteristic chemical composition, crystal structure, and properties. They are classified based on their chemical composition and bonding.
The three major rock types are igneous rocks (formed from cooling magma/lava), sedimentary rocks (formed from compaction of sediments), and metamorphic rocks (formed by alteration of existing rocks by heat and pressure).
According to Arrhenius, acids produce H+ ions and bases produce OH- ions in aqueous solution. Bronsted-Lowry defines acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors.
Redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions involve transfer of electrons, where one species is oxidized and another is reduced. Examples are combustion, corrosion, and many reactions in electrochemical cells.
A galvanic cell has a reducing half-cell (anode) where oxidation occurs, an oxidizing half-cell (cathode) where reduction occurs, and a salt bridge to allow ion flow while keeping solutions separate.
The electrode potential depends on the identities of the substances involved in the half-reaction, their concentrations as described by the Nernst equation, and temperature.
Main extraction methods are pyrometallurgy (using high temperatures like in a blast furnace), hydrometallurgy (using aqueous solutions), and electrometallurgy (using electrochemical processes).
Corrosion is the degradation of metals through redox reactions with their environment. It can be prevented by applying protective coatings, using inhibitors, and by cathodic protection methods.
Common metallurgical processes include casting, forming (forging, rolling, extrusion), heat treatment (annealing, quenching, tempering), joining (welding, soldering, brazing), and finishing operations.
Alloys are materials made by mixing two or more metals or a metal and a non-metal. Alloying can improve properties like strength, ductility, corrosion resistance compared to pure metals.
Interhalogen compounds contain two or more different halogen atoms bonded together, like ClF3, BrF5. They are powerful oxidizing agents used in chemical synthesis and as reagents.
Noble gases like He, Ne, Ar have completely filled valence shells making them extremely stable and unreactive under normal conditions, though some compounds like xenon fluorides exist.
Hydrides are compounds formed between hydrogen and less electronegative elements like metals. They are classified as ionic, covalent or interstitial based on bonding.
Silicones are polymeric compounds containing silicon-oxygen bonds with organic groups attached to silicon. They have useful properties like resistance to temperature extremes and oxidation and are used as lubricants, sealants, etc.
Zeolites are microporous aluminosilicate minerals with a framework structure containing channels and cavities. They are used in catalysis, ion-exchange, molecular sieves and other applications.
Inorganic chemistry concepts like acid-base theories, redox, chemical equilibria are key to understanding environmental processes like acid rain, ozone layer depletion, greenhouse effect, etc.
Inorganic compounds and solids like metals, ceramics, glasses, semiconductors, superconductors, nanomaterials have many applications from electronics to aerospace due to their diverse properties.
Inorganic chemistry of actinides, fission and fusion reactions, nuclear stability, radioactive decay processes are fundamentals of nuclear chemistry used in nuclear power, weapons, and other applications.
Bioinorganic chemistry involves the study of inorganic elements, ions and compounds in biological systems and processes like enzyme functions, metabolism, toxicity, etc.
Common analytical techniques include spectroscopic methods like UV-Vis, IR, NMR, X-ray diffraction for structure determination, electrochemical methods, thermal analysis techniques like TGA, DTA, etc.
Inorganic nanoparticles, nanowires, nanotubes composed of metals, oxides, etc. are building blocks in nanodevices, catalysis, sensing, imaging, drug delivery and other nanotechnology applications.
Green Chemistry principles aim to minimize hazards and environmental impact of chemical processes. Inorganic chemistry aids green synthesis using benign solvents, solid-state reactions and developing safer catalysts.