XRF spectroscopy involves the measurement of the fluorescent X-rays emitted by atoms when excited by high-energy X-rays, used for elemental analysis and characterization.

Analytical chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the identification and quantification of chemical compounds, elements, and substances.

Qualitative analysis determines the presence or absence of a particular substance, while quantitative analysis measures the amount or concentration of that substance.

Gravimetric analysis is a quantitative technique that involves measuring the mass of a solid, either the sample itself or a derivative obtained after chemical treatment.

Titrimetric analysis is a quantitative technique that involves the addition of a reagent solution of known concentration to a sample until the reaction is complete, as indicated by a color change or electrical measurement.

Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation, used for qualitative and quantitative analysis.

UV-Vis spectroscopy measures the absorption of ultraviolet and visible light by a sample, which can be used to identify and quantify compounds.

IR spectroscopy measures the absorption of infrared radiation by a sample, providing information about the molecular structure and functional groups present.

NMR spectroscopy measures the absorption of radiofrequency radiation by atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field, providing detailed information about the molecular structure and dynamics.

Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ionized atoms, molecules, or molecular fragments, used for identifying and quantifying compounds.

Chromatography is a separation technique that involves passing a mixture dissolved in a mobile phase through a stationary phase, allowing different components to separate based on their differential partitioning between the two phases.

Gas chromatography is a separation technique that involves a gaseous mobile phase and a solid or liquid stationary phase, used for separating and analyzing volatile organic compounds.

HPLC is a separation technique that uses a liquid mobile phase and a solid stationary phase, allowing for the separation and analysis of non-volatile and thermally sensitive compounds.

Electrochemical analysis involves the study of chemical reactions that involve the transfer of electrons, including techniques like potentiometry, voltammetry, and coulometry.

Atomic spectroscopy is a family of techniques that involve the study of the absorption or emission of electromagnetic radiation by atoms or ions, used for elemental analysis.

Thermal analysis encompasses a group of techniques that measure the physical and chemical properties of a sample as a function of temperature, including techniques like thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).

Surface analysis involves the study of the composition, structure, and properties of solid surfaces, using techniques like X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES).

A hyphenated technique is the combination of two or more analytical techniques to provide complementary information, such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).

Method validation is the process of evaluating the performance characteristics of an analytical method, such as accuracy, precision, linearity, and sensitivity, to ensure that it is fit for its intended purpose.

Quality control in analytical chemistry involves the implementation of procedures and measures to ensure the reliability and accuracy of analytical data, including the use of certified reference materials, control samples, and regular instrument calibration.