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Genetics
48 flashcards
Heredity refers to the biological process of transmitting genetic information and traits from parents to offspring.
Genes are units of heredity composed of DNA sequences that carry instructions for making proteins, determining an organism's traits.
A gene consists of a promoter region, coding sequences (exons), and non-coding sequences (introns). The coding sequences determine the amino acid sequence of a protein.
Alleles are alternative forms of a gene that arise due to mutation and account for variations in inherited traits.
Mendelian laws describe the basic principles of inheritance, including the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment.
The law of segregation states that during gamete formation, the two copies of each hereditary factor segregate randomly into different gametes.
The law of independent assortment states that different genes are inherited independently of one another during gamete formation.
A genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism, consisting of the specific allele combinations it carries.
A phenotype is the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype and environment.
A Punnett square is a diagram used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring based on the parental genotypes.
Gene expression is the process by which the instructions encoded in a gene are converted into functional gene products, such as proteins.
Transcription is the process of copying genetic information from DNA into RNA by an enzyme called RNA polymerase.
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins by decoding the information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA) into a sequence of amino acids.
Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that can alter gene function and lead to variations in traits.
A dominant trait is a phenotype that is expressed in the presence of a single copy of a dominant allele.
A recessive trait is a phenotype that is only expressed when an individual carries two copies of the recessive allele.
A sex-linked trait is a trait determined by genes located on the sex chromosomes (X or Y), with different patterns of inheritance between males and females.
A carrier is an individual who has one copy of a recessive allele for a genetic disorder but does not exhibit the associated phenotype.
Genetic counseling is the process of advising individuals and families about the risks and implications of genetic disorders and helping them make informed decisions.
DNA replication is the process of copying the DNA molecule to produce two identical copies, which is essential for cell division and reproduction.
Chromosomes are structures within the nucleus of a cell that carry genetic information in the form of DNA.
Meiosis is a specialized type of cell division that produces haploid gametes (egg and sperm cells) from diploid cells, allowing for genetic variation in offspring.
Mitosis is a process of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells from a single parent cell, important for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.
A karyotype is a visual representation of an individual's chromosomes, arranged and numbered based on their size, shape, and banding patterns.
Genetic linkage refers to the tendency of genes located close together on the same chromosome to be inherited together more frequently than genes located far apart.
Gene mapping is the process of determining the location of genes on chromosomes and the distance between them, which is essential for studying gene function and inherited disorders.
A genetic marker is a specific DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used as a reference point for identifying and mapping other genes or genetic variations.
A pedigree is a diagram that represents the inheritance of traits within a family, showing the relationships and phenotypes of individuals across multiple generations.
Genetic engineering is the process of deliberately modifying an organism's genetic makeup by introducing, removing, or altering specific genes, allowing for the creation of desired traits or characteristics.
A transgenic organism is an organism that has had one or more foreign genes artificially introduced into its genome, resulting in the expression of new traits or characteristics.
Gene therapy is a technique that aims to treat or prevent genetic disorders by introducing a functional gene into the cells of a patient to correct a genetic defect or provide a new function.
Epigenetics refers to the study of heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence itself, but rather modifications in the way genes are expressed or regulated.
Genomics is the study of an organism's entire genome, including the structure, function, and interactions of all its genes, as well as the use of this information in various applications.
A genome is the complete set of genetic instructions present in an organism, including all its genes and the non-coding sequences of DNA.
A genetic disorder is a disease or condition caused by abnormalities in an individual's genetic makeup, which can be inherited or occur due to new mutations.
Sex chromosomes are chromosomes that determine the biological sex of an individual, with males typically having one X and one Y chromosome, and females typically having two X chromosomes.
Gene therapy is a technique that aims to treat or prevent genetic disorders by introducing a functional gene into the cells of a patient to correct a genetic defect or provide a new function.
Genetic drift is the random change in allele frequencies within a population over generations, due to chance events rather than natural selection.
Epistasis refers to the interaction between different genes, where the expression of one gene can influence or mask the expression of another gene, leading to complex phenotypic effects.
Genetic diversity refers to the variety of different alleles and genotypes present within a population, which is important for the long-term survival and adaptability of a species.
A genetic bottleneck is a phenomenon where a population experiences a severe reduction in size, leading to a loss of genetic diversity and increased risk of inbreeding and genetic drift.
Genetic load refers to the collective impact of deleterious alleles present in a population, which can reduce the overall fitness and reproductive success of individuals.
A polygenic trait is a trait that is influenced by the combined effects of multiple genes, as well as environmental factors, rather than being controlled by a single gene.
Genetic screening is the process of testing individuals or populations for specific genetic disorders or susceptibilities, often for the purpose of early detection, prevention, or treatment.
A genetic counselor is a healthcare professional who helps individuals and families understand and navigate the implications of genetic disorders, genetic test results, and inheritance patterns.
A genetic profile is a comprehensive representation of an individual's genetic makeup, including information about their genes, genetic variants, and potential risks or predispositions for certain conditions.
A genetic algorithm is a computational technique inspired by natural selection and genetic principles, used to find optimal solutions to complex problems by iteratively generating, evaluating, and evolving potential solutions.
The genetic code is the set of rules that determines how the sequence of nucleotides in a gene is translated into the sequence of amino acids in a protein.