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Cell & Molecular Biology
10 flashcards
The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
The nucleus contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities like growth and metabolism by regulating gene expression.
Ribosomes are organelles made of RNA and proteins. They are the sites of protein synthesis, where they translate mRNA into polypeptide chains.
The ER is a network of tubes and sacs. The rough ER is studded with ribosomes for protein synthesis, while the smooth ER synthesizes lipids and detoxifies drugs/poisons.
The Golgi apparatus consists of flattened stacks of membrane-bound sacs. It modifies, sorts and packages proteins and lipids from the ER for secretion or transport to other organelles.
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles containing digestive enzymes that break down and recycle worn-out organelles, food particles and harmful microorganisms.
DNA replication is the process of producing two identical copies of DNA from one original DNA molecule. It occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle before cell division.
Transcription is the process of synthesizing a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule from the DNA template in the nucleus. The mRNA carries the genetic code to the cytoplasm for translation.
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins using the instructions from mRNA at the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. tRNA molecules transfer amino acids to assemble the polypeptide chain.
The key steps are transcription (DNA to mRNA), translation initiation, elongation (adding amino acids to polypeptide), termination, and protein folding.