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Free flashcards to ace your USMLE CK - Psychiatry
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Psychiatry
50 flashcards
The serotonin neurotransmitter system is a key factor in depression. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly prescribed antidepressants that increase serotonin levels.
The two main categories are 1) Psychotropic medications that treat mental health disorders like depression, anxiety, and psychosis, and 2) Neurological medications that treat neurological disorders like epilepsy and Parkinson's disease.
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is the most common anxiety disorder, characterized by excessive worry and anxiety.
CBT is a form of psychotherapy that focuses on changing unhelpful thought patterns and behaviors. It is widely used to treat conditions like depression, anxiety disorders, and addiction.
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and behavior.
Risk factors for bipolar disorder include genetics, brain structure and function, and high levels of stress.
The main criteria are depressed mood and/or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities for most of the day, nearly every day, for at least 2 weeks.
OCD is a mental disorder characterized by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) that lead to repetitive behaviors (compulsions) aimed at reducing anxiety caused by the obsessions.
ECT is a psychiatric treatment that intentionally causes a brief seizure in the brain. It is used to treat severe depression, bipolar disorder, and some other mental illnesses.
Exposure therapy is a type of cognitive behavioral therapy that involves gradually exposing the patient to the feared object or situation in a safe, controlled environment.
Bipolar disorder is characterized by periods of mania (elevated mood and energy) and periods of depression.
Antipsychotic medications are used primarily to treat psychotic disorders like schizophrenia by reducing hallucinations, delusions, and other psychotic symptoms.
Specific phobias are a type of anxiety disorder characterized by intense, irrational fears of particular objects or situations.
PTSD is a mental disorder that can develop after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event, characterized by intrusive thoughts, avoidance, negative changes in mood/cognition, and hyperarousal.
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by an abnormally low body weight, intense fear of gaining weight, and a distorted perception of body weight/shape.
Common side effects of antidepressants include nausea, increased appetite and weight gain, constipation, dizziness, dry mouth, and insomnia.
The two types of schizophrenia symptoms are positive symptoms (e.g. hallucinations, delusions) and negative symptoms (e.g. flat affect, lack of motivation).
The frontal lobe and basal ganglia circuits in the brain are thought to play a key role in the development of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by cycles of binge eating followed by purging behaviors like vomiting or laxative abuse.
Family therapy is a psychosocial intervention that involves members of a family and aims to improve communication, resolve conflicts, and improve relationships.
The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system plays a key role in anxiety disorders. Many anti-anxiety medications target this system.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is relatively common among individuals with autism spectrum disorder.
Bipolar disorder causes severe shifts in mood and energy levels, alternating between manic and depressive episodes.
Mindfulness-based therapies, such as mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, emphasize developing acceptance and focusing one's awareness on the present moment.
Key brain regions implicated in addiction include the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) can involve intrusive, disturbing thoughts of harming oneself or others.
Cognitive therapy is a therapeutic approach that focuses on identifying and changing inaccurate or negative thought patterns.
Stimulant medications like methylphenidate (Ritalin) are used to treat narcolepsy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Depersonalization/derealization disorder involves persistent feelings of detachment or being an outside observer of oneself (depersonalization) or one's surroundings (derealization).
The three PTSD symptom clusters are: re-experiencing symptoms, avoidance symptoms, and hyperarousal symptoms.
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is a therapeutic approach aimed at changing unhealthy, self-destructive behaviors like suicidal behavior and self-harm.
The neurotransmitter dopamine is involved in the brain's reward system and in experiencing feelings of pleasure.
Borderline personality disorder involves marked difficulties with regulating emotions, leading to impulsive behaviors and unstable relationships.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
Exposure therapy is a type of cognitive behavioral therapy that gradually exposes patients to feared objects, activities or situations in a controlled setting.
Psychoanalytic or psychodynamic therapy involves exploring unconscious thoughts, feelings, and motivations.
Autism spectrum disorder is characterized by difficulties with social communication and interaction, along with restricted interests and repetitive behaviors.
Medications like methadone and buprenorphine are used to treat opioid addiction and opioid cravings as part of medication-assisted treatment.
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) involves persistent, excessive worry and anxiety about a number of different topics or activities.
Psychodynamic therapy explores how unconscious processes, past experiences, and interpersonal relationships affect current thoughts and behaviors.
Bipolar disorder features periods of mania, which can involve frenzied speech, increased activity levels, and inflated self-esteem.
Anti-anxiety medications like benzodiazepines target and increase activity in the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system.
Paranoid delusions about being watched, followed, or plotted against are common in paranoid schizophrenia and delusional disorder.
Art therapy and music therapy are types of expressive therapies that use creative outlets like art, music, and movement as tools for communication and healing.
Dissociative identity disorder, formerly known as multiple personality disorder, is an example of a dissociative disorder.
Sedative-hypnotic medications like zolpidem (Ambien) are used to treat insomnia by increasing drowsiness and sleep.
Applied behavior analysis uses principles of learning theory, such as positive and negative reinforcement, to modify behaviors.
The nucleus accumbens, part of the brain's reward system, is implicated in motivation, pleasure, and addictive reward-seeking behaviors.
A psychotic or manic episode involving extreme mental distress, agitation, and impaired reality testing may require emergency psychiatric care.
Classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a feared object or situation, plays an important role in developing phobias.