Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia in older adults, characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive decline.

The cardinal features of Parkinson's disease are tremor at rest, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), rigidity, and postural instability.

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system attacks and damages the myelin sheath surrounding nerve fibers in the central nervous system.

The most common type of headache is tension-type headache, often caused by stress, muscle tension, or poor posture.

The treatment of choice for trigeminal neuralgia, a severe facial pain condition, is carbamazepine or other anticonvulsant medications.

The most common cause of stroke is the occlusion of a blood vessel in the brain, either due to a blood clot (ischemic stroke) or a ruptured blood vessel (hemorrhagic stroke).

Triptans, such as sumatriptan, are selective serotonin receptor agonists that constrict dilated blood vessels and inhibit the release of inflammatory mediators, providing relief from migraine headaches.

Diabetic neuropathy is the most common type of peripheral neuropathy, caused by uncontrolled high blood sugar levels damaging the nerves.

Bell's palsy is characterized by the sudden onset of one-sided facial paralysis or weakness, often with inability to close the eye or smile on the affected side.

The primary treatment for epilepsy is the use of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) to control and prevent seizures.

The most common cause of neuropathic pain is diabetic neuropathy, followed by postherpetic neuralgia (after shingles) and other nerve injuries or compressions.

The primary treatment for myasthenia gravis, an autoimmune disorder affecting neuromuscular transmission, is acetylcholinesterase inhibitors like pyridostigmine.

The classic presentation of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is progressive muscle weakness, atrophy, and spasticity, often beginning in the limbs and eventually affecting swallowing and breathing.

The primary treatment for Guillain-Barré syndrome, an autoimmune disorder causing acute peripheral neuropathy, is plasmapheresis or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG).

The primary treatment for cluster headaches, a type of severe, recurrent headache, is oxygen therapy or triptans during acute attacks, and preventive medications like verapamil or lithium.

The classic presentation of Huntington's disease, a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder, is involuntary choreiform movements, cognitive impairment, and psychiatric disturbances.

The primary treatment for acute ischemic stroke is thrombolytic therapy with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) to dissolve the clot and restore blood flow, if administered within the appropriate time window.

The primary treatment for status epilepticus, a life-threatening condition characterized by prolonged seizures, is intravenous benzodiazepines like lorazepam or midazolam, followed by other anti-epileptic drugs if necessary.

The classic presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, a rare and fatal prion disease, is rapidly progressive dementia, ataxia, myoclonus, and other neurological deficits.

The primary treatment for chronic tension-type headaches is pharmacotherapy with medications like tricyclic antidepressants, anti-seizure drugs, or muscle relaxants, as well as lifestyle modifications and stress management.

The classic presentation of normal pressure hydrocephalus is the triad of gait disturbance, urinary incontinence, and cognitive impairment, often seen in older adults.

The primary treatment for bacterial meningitis, an inflammation of the meninges caused by bacterial infection, is intravenous antibiotics like ceftriaxone or vancomycin, depending on the causative organism.

The classic presentation of Wernicke's encephalopathy, a thiamine deficiency disorder, is the triad of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and confusion or altered mental status.

The primary treatment for trigeminal neuralgia, a severe facial pain condition, is with anticonvulsant medications like carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine.

The classic presentation of transverse myelitis, an inflammatory disorder of the spinal cord, is acute or subacute onset of motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction below the level of the spinal cord lesion.

The primary treatment for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), an autoimmune disorder affecting peripheral nerves, is immunotherapy with corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), or plasma exchange.

The classic presentation of Lewy body dementia, a type of progressive dementia, is cognitive impairment, fluctuating attention and alertness, visual hallucinations, and parkinsonism.

The primary treatment for idiopathic intracranial hypertension, a condition characterized by increased intracranial pressure without an identifiable cause, is acetazolamide and weight loss, if applicable.

The classic presentation of myasthenic crisis, a life-threatening complication of myasthenia gravis, is acute respiratory failure due to severe weakness of the respiratory muscles.

The primary treatment for acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), an inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system, is high-dose corticosteroids, sometimes followed by intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or plasma exchange.

The classic presentation of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, an autoimmune encephalitis, is acute onset of psychiatric symptoms, seizures, dyskinesias, and autonomic instability.

The primary treatment for chronic migraine, defined as having 15 or more headache days per month, is preventive medications like topiramate, propranolol, or anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) monoclonal antibodies.

The classic presentation of Miller Fisher syndrome, a variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome, is the triad of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and areflexia.

The primary treatment for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP), an autoimmune disorder affecting the roots of peripheral nerves, is immunotherapy with corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), or plasma exchange.

The classic presentation of Devic's disease (neuromyelitis optica), an autoimmune disorder affecting the optic nerves and spinal cord, is optic neuritis and acute transverse myelitis.

The primary treatment for brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), an abnormal tangle of blood vessels in the brain, is surgical resection, embolization, or stereotactic radiosurgery, depending on the location and size of the AVM.

The classic presentation of Kleine-Levin syndrome, a rare sleep disorder, is recurrent episodes of hypersomnia, cognitive disturbances, hyperphagia, and hypersexuality.

There is no curative treatment for progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), a neurodegenerative disorder affecting the brain stem and basal ganglia. Management focuses on treating symptoms with medications and supportive care.

The classic presentation of pseudotumor cerebri, also known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension, is headache, transient visual obscurations, pulsatile tinnitus, and papilledema (swelling of the optic nerve).

The primary treatment for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), an autoimmune disorder affecting the peripheral nerves, is immunotherapy with corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), or plasma exchange.

The classic presentation of multiple system atrophy (MSA), a neurodegenerative disorder affecting the autonomic nervous system, is a combination of parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia, and autonomic dysfunction.

The primary treatment for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, a rare form of stroke caused by a blood clot in the venous sinuses of the brain, is anticoagulation therapy with heparin or warfarin.

The classic presentation of frontotemporal dementia, a neurodegenerative disorder affecting the frontal and temporal lobes, is progressive changes in behavior, personality, and language, often before significant memory loss.

The primary treatment for anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, an autoimmune encephalitis, is immunotherapy with corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), plasma exchange, and sometimes tumor removal if a tumor is present.

The classic presentation of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a neurodegenerative disease associated with repetitive head trauma, is progressive cognitive, behavioral, and mood disturbances, often starting years after the trauma.

The primary treatment for intracranial hypertension, or increased pressure within the skull, is acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that reduces cerebrospinal fluid production, and weight loss if applicable.

The classic presentation of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), a rare, slow virus infection caused by the measles virus, is progressive cognitive and motor deterioration, myoclonus, and periodic electroencephalographic complexes.

There is no curative treatment for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, a group of inherited peripheral neuropathies. Management focuses on supportive measures, such as physical therapy, orthotic devices, and pain management.

The classic presentation of syringomyelia, a disorder involving the formation of a fluid-filled cavity within the spinal cord, is progressive weakness, numbness, and loss of temperature and pain sensation in the arms and trunk.

The primary treatment for cervical spondylotic myelopathy, a compression of the spinal cord due to degenerative changes in the cervical spine, is surgical decompression and stabilization.