Coronary artery disease (CAD) or ischemic heart disease is the most common cause of heart failure.

The classic signs and symptoms of acute MI include chest pain, shortness of breath, sweating, nausea/vomiting, and radiating pain to the arm or jaw.

The goals of treatment for hypertension are to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events such as heart attack, stroke, and heart failure, and to prevent or slow the progression of target organ damage.

COPD is characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible, caused by a combination of small airway disease (obstructive bronchiolitis) and parenchymal destruction (emphysema).

Alarm symptoms in gastroenterology include unintentional weight loss, difficulty swallowing, gastrointestinal bleeding, and persistent vomiting.

Diabetes mellitus is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease.

Risk factors for DVT include immobility, surgery, trauma, cancer, pregnancy, obesity, and inherited thrombophilias.

The initial management for a patient with an acute stroke includes rapid evaluation, stabilization of vital signs, and consideration of thrombolytic therapy (if within the time window) or endovascular intervention for ischemic strokes.

The diagnostic criteria for rheumatoid arthritis include morning stiffness, swollen and tender joints (involving the same joints on both sides of the body), elevated inflammatory markers, and the presence of rheumatoid factor or anti-citrullinated protein antibodies.

Complications of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus include retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, cardiovascular disease, and increased risk of infections.

Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly.

The goals of management for chronic hepatitis C are to prevent progression to cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma, and to achieve a sustained virologic response (SVR) with antiviral therapy.

The diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis include dissemination in space (evidence of lesions in different parts of the central nervous system) and dissemination in time (evidence of lesions occurring at different time points), as well as exclusion of other potential causes.

The initial management for a patient with septic shock includes early recognition, fluid resuscitation, administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics, and vasopressor support if necessary.

Risk factors for osteoporosis include advanced age, female gender, low body weight, smoking, excessive alcohol intake, family history, and certain medications (e.g., glucocorticoids).

The diagnostic criteria for IBD include endoscopic findings (e.g., ulcerations, inflammation), histologic evidence of inflammation, and exclusion of other potential causes.

The initial management for a patient with acute pancreatitis includes fluid resuscitation, pain control, and avoidance of oral intake until the condition improves.

The primary risk factor for lung cancer is smoking, but other risk factors include exposure to secondhand smoke, asbestos, radon, and air pollution.

The diagnostic criteria for SLE include the presence of at least four of the following: malar rash, discoid rash, photosensitivity, oral ulcers, non-erosive arthritis, serositis, renal disorder, neurologic disorder, hematologic disorder, immunologic disorder, and positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) test.

The initial management for a patient with acute pulmonary embolism includes anticoagulation, supplemental oxygen, and consideration of thrombolytic therapy or embolectomy in high-risk cases.

Risk factors for colorectal cancer include advanced age, personal or family history of colorectal cancer or polyps, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, smoking, and a diet high in red or processed meat.

The diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's disease include the presence of bradykinesia and at least one of the following: resting tremor, rigidity, or postural instability, as well as the exclusion of other potential causes.

The initial management for a patient with acute exacerbation of COPD includes bronchodilators, corticosteroids, antibiotics (if bacterial infection is suspected), and supplemental oxygen.

Risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus include obesity, physical inactivity, family history, advanced age, and certain ethnic backgrounds (e.g., African American, Hispanic/Latino, Native American).

The diagnostic criteria for congestive heart failure include the presence of symptoms (e.g., dyspnea, fatigue, edema), objective evidence of structural or functional abnormalities of the heart (e.g., echocardiogram findings), and response to appropriate treatment.

The initial management for a patient with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding includes fluid resuscitation, proton pump inhibitors, and endoscopic evaluation and intervention (e.g., cauterization, clipping) if necessary.

Risk factors for breast cancer include female gender, advanced age, family history, early menarche, late menopause, obesity, alcohol consumption, and certain genetic mutations (e.g., BRCA1/2).

The diagnostic criteria for AML include the presence of at least 20% blast cells in the bone marrow or peripheral blood, and the exclusion of other hematologic malignancies.

The initial management for a patient with acute liver failure includes identifying and removing the causative agent (if possible), providing supportive care, and considering liver transplantation in severe cases.

Risk factors for stroke include hypertension, diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, smoking, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and carotid artery stenosis.

The diagnostic criteria for CML include the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome (BCR-ABL fusion gene) in the bone marrow or peripheral blood, and the exclusion of other myeloproliferative disorders.

The initial management for a patient with DKA includes fluid resuscitation, insulin therapy, correction of electrolyte imbalances, and treatment of the underlying precipitating cause (e.g., infection).

Risk factors for prostate cancer include advanced age, family history, and African American ethnicity.

The diagnostic criteria for ALL include the presence of at least 20% lymphoblasts in the bone marrow or peripheral blood, and the exclusion of other hematologic malignancies.

The initial management for a patient with acute pericarditis includes anti-inflammatory medications (e.g., NSAIDs, colchicine), treatment of the underlying cause (if known), and consideration of pericardiocentesis in cases of cardiac tamponade.

Risk factors for chronic kidney disease include diabetes mellitus, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, and obstructive uropathy.

The diagnostic criteria for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma include the presence of malignant lymphoid cells in the lymph nodes, bone marrow, or other tissues, and the exclusion of other hematologic malignancies.

The initial management for a patient with acute pancreatitis includes fluid resuscitation, pain control, and avoidance of oral intake until the condition improves.

The primary risk factor for COPD is tobacco smoking, but other risk factors include exposure to air pollutants, occupational exposures, and genetic factors (e.g., alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency).

The diagnostic criteria for multiple myeloma include the presence of clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow or other tissues, evidence of end-organ damage (e.g., hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency, anemia, lytic bone lesions), and the exclusion of other plasma cell dyscrasias.

The initial management for a patient with acute MI includes prompt recognition, antiplatelet therapy (e.g., aspirin), anticoagulation, and urgent reperfusion therapy (e.g., thrombolysis or percutaneous coronary intervention).

Risk factors for HCC include chronic viral hepatitis (e.g., hepatitis B, hepatitis C), cirrhosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and exposure to certain toxins (e.g., aflatoxin).

The diagnostic criteria for SLE include the presence of at least four of the following: malar rash, discoid rash, photosensitivity, oral ulcers, non-erosive arthritis, serositis, renal disorder, neurologic disorder, hematologic disorder, immunologic disorder, and positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) test.

The initial management for a patient with severe sepsis or septic shock includes early recognition, fluid resuscitation, administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics, and vasopressor support if necessary.

Risk factors for endometrial cancer include obesity, diabetes mellitus, early menarche, late menopause, nulliparity, and the use of tamoxifen.

The diagnostic criteria for CLL include the presence of clonal B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, bone marrow, or other tissues, and the exclusion of other hematologic malignancies.

The initial management for a patient with ARDS includes oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation with low tidal volumes, and treatment of the underlying cause (if known).

Risk factors for ovarian cancer include advanced age, family history, BRCA gene mutations, nulliparity, and the use of fertility drugs.

The diagnostic criteria for AML include the presence of at least 20% blast cells in the bone marrow or peripheral blood, and the exclusion of other hematologic malignancies.

The initial management for a patient with AKI includes identifying and removing the underlying cause (if possible), fluid management, and supportive care (e.g., dialysis if necessary).