🚨 Limited Offer: First 50 users get 500 credits for free — only ... spots left!
Free flashcards to ace your USMLE - Pathology
Learn faster with 50 USMLE flashcards. One-click export to Notion.
Learn fast, memorize everything and ace your USMLE. No credit card required.
Want to create flashcards from your own textbooks and notes?
Let AI create automatically flashcards from your own textbooks and notes. Upload your PDF, select the pages you want to memorize fast, and let AI do the rest. One-click export to Notion.
Pathology
50 flashcards
Hemostasis is the process of stopping bleeding by forming a stable clot at the site of vascular injury, involving platelet activation, the coagulation cascade, and fibrinolysis.
Pathology is the study of the structural and functional manifestations of disease in organs and tissues.
The major mechanisms of disease include genetic disorders, environmental agents (physical, chemical, biological), immunological disorders, nutritional imbalances, and neoplasia (cancer).
Cell injury refers to cellular dysfunction caused by various insults like hypoxia, toxins, physical agents, etc. It can lead to cell death (necrosis or apoptosis).
Acute inflammation is the initial response to injury or infection, characterized by vascular changes, edema, and neutrophil infiltration. Chronic inflammation involves lymphocytes, macrophages, and tissue destruction.
Neoplasia refers to the abnormal proliferation of cells, which can be benign or malignant (cancer). Malignant neoplasms can invade and metastasize.
Major cardiovascular disorders include hypertension, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and vascular disorders like atherosclerosis.
A stroke is a cerebrovascular event caused by interruption of blood supply to the brain, resulting in ischemic injury or hemorrhage. It can lead to neurological deficits.
Major pulmonary disorders include obstructive lung diseases (asthma, COPD), restrictive lung diseases (pulmonary fibrosis), lung infections (pneumonia), lung cancer, and pulmonary embolism.
Cirrhosis is a chronic liver disease characterized by fibrosis and nodular regeneration, caused by various insults like alcoholism, viral hepatitis, and metabolic disorders.
Glomerulonephritis refers to inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys, which can be acute or chronic, and caused by immune disorders, infections, or other systemic diseases.
Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas, which can be acute (sudden onset and severe) or chronic (recurring or persistent), caused by gallstones, alcohol abuse, or other factors.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin production or action, leading to various complications if uncontrolled.
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by progressive cartilage loss, subchondral bone changes, and joint inflammation, often associated with aging and mechanical stress.
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder affecting the central nervous system, characterized by demyelination and axonal damage, leading to various neurological symptoms.
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of abnormal proteins (amyloid-beta and tau) in the brain, leading to cognitive impairment and dementia.
A neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue resulting from uncontrolled cellular growth and division. It can be benign (localized) or malignant (invasive and metastatic).
Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor site to distant sites in the body, through the lymphatic system or bloodstream.
Anemia is a condition characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin concentration, which can be caused by various factors like blood loss, nutritional deficiencies, or underlying disorders.
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition characterized by a dysregulated host response to infection, leading to organ dysfunction and potentially septic shock.
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process involving the buildup of plaque (lipids, calcium, and fibrous elements) within the walls of arteries, which can lead to ischemic events like heart attack or stroke.
Benign neoplasms are localized, non-invasive, and non-metastatic, while malignant neoplasms are invasive, metastatic, and can cause severe damage and death if left untreated.
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a regulated process of cellular self-destruction that plays a crucial role in development, tissue homeostasis, and disease.
Autoimmunity is a condition where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys its own healthy cells and tissues, leading to various autoimmune disorders.
A tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue resulting from uncontrolled cellular growth and division, which can be benign or malignant (cancerous).
Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in a tissue due to increased cell division, while neoplasia refers to uncontrolled cellular growth and division, leading to the formation of a tumor.
Ischemia is a condition characterized by an inadequate supply of oxygenated blood to a particular organ or tissue, which can lead to cellular injury or death if prolonged.
A thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) within a blood vessel, which can obstruct blood flow and lead to ischemic events like myocardial infarction or stroke.
Emphysema is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by the destruction of alveolar walls and the enlargement of airspaces, leading to impaired gas exchange and shortness of breath.
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver, which can be caused by viral infections (hepatitis A, B, C, D, E), autoimmune disorders, alcohol abuse, or other factors.
Hypoplasia refers to underdevelopment or incomplete development of an organ or tissue, while aplasia is the complete absence of an organ or tissue.
Ischemic heart disease, also known as coronary artery disease, is a condition caused by narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle, leading to angina or myocardial infarction.
Nephrotic syndrome is a collection of symptoms resulting from damaged glomeruli in the kidneys, characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible interstitial lung disease characterized by the thickening and scarring of lung tissue, leading to impaired oxygen transfer.
Benign tumors are localized, non-invasive, and do not metastasize, while malignant tumors are invasive, metastatic, and can cause severe damage and death if left untreated.
Hepatic encephalopathy is a neuropsychiatric complication of liver disease, characterized by altered mental status, confusion, and impaired cognitive function, caused by the accumulation of toxins in the brain.
Acute renal failure is a sudden loss of kidney function, while chronic renal failure is a gradual and progressive loss of kidney function over time, often due to underlying conditions like diabetes or hypertension.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a condition characterized by persistently elevated blood pressure levels, which can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and kidney damage.
COPD is a progressive lung disease characterized by airflow limitation and breathing difficulties, usually caused by long-term exposure to irritants like cigarette smoke or air pollution.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain, leading to motor symptoms like tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia.
Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints, leading to sudden and severe attacks of pain, swelling, and redness.
A primary tumor is the original site of cancer development, while a secondary tumor is a metastatic lesion that has spread from the primary tumor to another site in the body.
Leukemia is a group of cancers that affect the blood and bone marrow, characterized by the abnormal production and proliferation of immature white blood cells.
Lupus, or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of autoantibodies that can attack various organs and tissues, leading to inflammation and tissue damage.
A myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, is the death of a portion of the heart muscle due to a sudden blockage or reduction in blood flow to that area, often caused by a blood clot or plaque rupture.
A congenital disorder is present at birth and is often caused by genetic or developmental factors, while an acquired disorder is one that develops later in life due to environmental factors, injuries, or other causes.
Gastritis is inflammation of the lining of the stomach, which can be acute or chronic, and can be caused by various factors like bacterial infections (e.g., H. pylori), excessive alcohol consumption, or the use of certain medications.
A primary headache is a condition in itself, not caused by another underlying condition (e.g., migraine, tension-type headache), while a secondary headache is a symptom of another condition or disorder (e.g., brain tumor, head injury).
Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium, the protective sac surrounding the heart, which can be caused by various factors like viral infections, autoimmune disorders, or injury.
A thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel, while an embolism is the blockage of a blood vessel by a clot or other material (e.g., air, fat) that has traveled from another location.