The nursing process is a systematic, rational method of planning and providing individualized nursing care. It includes assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation.

The five steps are: 1) Assessment - collecting data about the patient's health status, 2) Diagnosis - identifying actual or potential health problems, 3) Planning - setting goals and interventions, 4) Implementation - carrying out the plan of care, 5) Evaluation - determining if goals were met.

A nursing assessment should include subjective data from the patient interview and objective data from physical examination, laboratory tests, and other sources. It covers the patient's physical, psychological, sociocultural, and spiritual needs.

Nursing diagnoses identify the patient's actual or potential health problems that can be addressed through independent nursing interventions. They help direct the plan of care.

Examples of nursing interventions include patient education, medication administration, wound care, positioning, exercise, nutritional support, psychosocial support, and promoting safety/infection control.

The nursing process is individualized by tailoring assessments, diagnoses, goals, interventions, and evaluations to the specific patient based on their unique health problems, needs, preferences, and response to care.

Evaluation determines if nursing interventions were effective in meeting the patient's goals and expected outcomes. It guides whether the plan of care needs revision.

Basic ADLs are self-care activities necessary for daily living, such as bathing, dressing, toileting, transferring, continence, and feeding oneself.

Nurses promote patient safety through practices like proper patient identification, handwashing, fall precautions, safe medication administration, care communication, and creating a safe care environment.

Standard precautions include handwashing, using personal protective equipment like gloves/gowns/masks, safe injection practices, proper handling of contaminated items, and appropriate cleaning of equipment/environment.

Factors increasing infection risk include invasive devices/procedures, compromised immunity, poor nutritional status, prolonged hospitalization, and antibiotic overuse.

Patient education aims to promote knowledge, healthy behaviors and self-care abilities in patients. It covers topics like disease management, treatments, lifestyle modifications, and preventive care.

Nurses build therapeutic relationships through skilled communication, active listening, empathy, trust, respect for patient preferences/values, and appropriate professional boundaries.

Holistic nursing care views patients as whole persons with interrelated physical, emotional, social, cultural and spiritual needs. It promotes individualized, comprehensive care.

Key ethical principles include autonomy/respecting patient decisions, beneficence/acting in the patient's best interests, non-maleficence/avoiding harm, justice/being fair and equitable, veracity/being truthful, and maintaining confidentiality.

Evidence-based practice integrates the best available research evidence along with clinical expertise and patient values/preferences to guide nursing care decisions and improve care quality.

The 5 rights of medication administration are: right patient, right medication, right dose, right route, and right time.

Patient fall prevention includes assessing fall risk factors, using bed/chair alarms and proper positioning, clearing obstacles, helping with ambulation, using appropriate footwear, avoiding restraints, and educating patients/families.

Maintaining patient privacy and confidentiality upholds the ethical principles of autonomy and justice. It preserves patient dignity, trust in care providers, and therapeutic relationships.

To prevent musculoskeletal injuries, nurses use proper body mechanics like keeping the back straight, bending knees to lift, holding objects close to the body, and requesting assistance when needed.

Priorities are to ensure safety, initiate basic life support measures like CPR if needed, summon appropriate help, provide emergency care per protocols, and ensure proper documentation.

Nurses promote independence by involving patients in care decisions, teaching self-care skills, encouraging use of assistive devices, allowing maximum self-performance of ADLs, and reinforcing progress.

For pain management, nurses assess pain levels, identify causes, administer analgesics, provide non-pharmacologic interventions like positioning, monitor for effectiveness/side effects, and re-evaluate.

Cultural competence is the ability to provide care respecting diverse cultural beliefs, values, preferences and practices. It requires self-awareness, knowledge about cultures, and tailored communication.

For visually-impaired, use verbal guidance and large print. For hearing-impaired, face the patient, speak clearly, write instructions, and consider sign language interpreters. Meet each patient's needs.

Priorities include monitoring fetal well-being, supporting mothers through the birthing process, assisting immediate newborn care, promoting parent-newborn bonding, and providing postpartum education.

Provide comfort measures like pain/symptom management, psychosocial/spiritual support for patients and families, honoring advance directives, withdrawal of unnecessary interventions, and facilitating a peaceful death experience.

Discharge planning involves assessing patient needs at discharge, arranging follow-up care/resources, providing instructions on medications/self-care, and coordinating with families/outpatient services for a safe care transition.

Strategies include double-checking any high-risk procedure or medication, questioning unclear orders, following protocols strictly, maintaining clear communication, encouraging staff to report errors/near misses, and continuously monitoring for quality improvement.

Nurses collaborate with physicians, therapists, social workers, and others to coordinate the patient's care plan. They share assessments, contribute expertise, advocate for patients, and ensure continuity of care across disciplines.

Nursing documentation includes recording assessments, interventions, patient responses/status changes, and evaluations in the medical record. It follows standardized formats and maintains accuracy, completeness, and patient confidentiality.

Relevant legal aspects include adhering to nursing practice standards/scope, maintaining competencies, following organization policies, respecting patient rights, obtaining informed consent, ensuring confidentiality, and avoiding negligence.

Continuing education allows nurses to maintain current knowledge, learn new skills/technologies, meet licensing requirements, provide better quality care, pursue career advancements, and adapt to the evolving healthcare system.

Nursing research aims to generate evidence for best practices, test interventions, develop new care models, identify issues needing change, and advance the nursing profession's scientific body of knowledge.

Patient advocacy involves acting as the patient's voice, protecting their rights/choices, providing information to make informed decisions, facilitating access to quality care/resources, and promoting equitable, ethical treatment.

Nurses promote health by providing health education, counseling patients on lifestyle changes like diet/exercise, administering preventive care like immunizations and screenings, and connecting patients with community resources.

Considerations include using age-appropriate communication, techniques for minimizing distress, selecting proper equipment sizes, allowing familiarity objects, involving parents/caregivers, and being vigilant for safety due to developmental abilities.

Effective collaboration involves clear communication, active listening, respecting the family's role and preferences, providing education/support, coordinating care plans, and mutual decision-making to meet the patient's needs.

Public health nursing focuses on promoting health, preventing disease, delivering care in community settings, analyzing population health data, developing programs to address community needs, and advocating for policies supporting public health.

Nurses should maintain a non-judgmental, supportive attitude, ensure privacy and safety, document any injuries thoroughly, provide referrals to advocacy/counseling resources, and report reasonable suspicion of abuse per regulations.

Building resilience involves self-care strategies such as stress management, work-life balance, cultivating support systems, practicing mindfulness, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and utilizing counseling resources as needed.

Key leadership skills include effective communication, conflict resolution, delegation, time management, critical thinking, integrity, mentoring/developing others, fostering teamwork, adapting to change, and advocating for quality improvement.

Nurses can influence policy by joining professional associations/unions, writing legislators, participating in advocacy campaigns, educating the public, serving on committees/boards, publishing research, taking positions in policy-making roles, and promoting nursing's voice.

Culturally competent care improves quality by tailoring services to each patient's cultural values, beliefs, practices, and language needs. It promotes satisfaction, adherence, trust, and equitable healthcare access.

Approach disagreements professionally, listen to others' perspectives, have open communication about evidence/rationale, involve the appropriate personnel or ethics committee, and ultimately prioritize the patient's best interests while respecting team roles.

The nurse's role includes verifying understanding of the procedure/risks/benefits, answering questions, ensuring consent forms are completed properly, advocating for patient comprehension of information, and upholding the patient's right to consent or refuse.

The steps of the nursing process are: 1) Assessment, 2) Nursing diagnosis, 3) Planning, 4) Implementation, 5) Evaluation.

The nursing process provides a systematic, rational method for planning and meeting patient health care needs efficiently.

During assessment, subjective data from the patient interview and objective data from observations, physical exams, and diagnostic tests are collected.

Nursing diagnoses identify actual or potential patient health problems that nurses are educated and licensed to treat.