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AP Psychology
46 flashcards
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior.
The four major goals are to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental processes.
Psychologists focus on human behavior and mental processes but cannot prescribe drugs, while psychiatrists are medical doctors who can prescribe drugs to treat mental disorders.
A theory is a plausible explanation of behavior that is backed by scientific evidence and generates testable hypotheses.
The biological perspective examines how the brain and nervous system influence behavior, sensations, memories, and experiences.
A neuron is a specialized cell that transmits information through the nervous system via electrical and chemical signals.
The three main parts are the soma (cell body), dendrites (receive information), and axon (sends information).
The endocrine system is made up of glands that release hormones into the bloodstream, influencing mood, growth, metabolism, and other bodily functions.
Classical conditioning involves learning by associating environmental stimuli, while operant conditioning involves learning from the consequences of behavior.
Automatic processes are unconscious, effortless processes like reflexes, while controlled processes are conscious, effortful processes like problem-solving.
The fight-or-flight response is a physiological reaction to a perceived threat, preparing the body to fight or flee.
The sleep cycle consists of four stages: three stages of non-REM sleep and one stage of REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, which cycle repeatedly throughout the night.
The stages are cognitive deficits, increased risk of health problems, and eventual hallucinations and possibly death if severely deprived.
Hypnosis is a trance-like state of heightened awareness and focused attention, often induced by another person.
Sensation is the process of detecting stimuli through senses, while perception involves interpreting and giving meaning to sensory information.
Gestalt psychology is the study of how people perceive patterns as a whole, not just the individual parts.
An optical illusion is a trick of visual perception that causes the eyes to see something different from objective reality.
Short-term memory is a temporary storage system in the brain with limited capacity that holds information for a brief period of time.
Explicit memory involves conscious recollection, while implicit memory involves unconscious retention of skills and procedures.
The serial position effect refers to how items from the beginning and end of a list are better recalled than those in the middle.
The misinformation effect is when misleading information causes one's memory of an event to be altered or distorted.
Intelligence refers to the ability to learn, reason, solve problems, and think abstractly.
Emotional intelligence is the ability to recognize, understand, and manage one's own emotions and those of others.
The three components are the cognitive component (thoughts/beliefs), the affective component (feelings/emotions), and the behavioral component (actions).
The bystander effect is the tendency for people to be less likely to help someone in need when others are present.
Groupthink is the tendency for members of a group to prioritize consensus over rational decision-making, often leading to poor choices.
The mere exposure effect is the tendency to develop a preference for things merely because we are familiar with them.
The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overemphasize internal factors and underemphasize situational factors when explaining others' behavior.
The self-serving bias is the tendency to attribute one's successes to internal factors and one's failures to external factors.
Obedience refers to the tendency to follow instructions or orders from an authority figure, even if they go against one's personal beliefs or ethics.
The four stages are: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
Erikson's theory outlines eight stages of development marked by psychosocial crises that must be resolved for healthy development.
Kohlberg's theory proposes three levels of moral reasoning: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional.
The nature vs. nurture debate concerns the extent to which behavior and traits are determined by innate biological factors (nature) or environmental influences (nurture).
Humanistic psychology emphasizes people's inherent drive towards growth, self-actualization, and reaching their full potential.
Rogers' person-centered theory focuses on providing an environment of unconditional positive regard to facilitate personal growth and self-actualization.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a model that depicts human needs as a hierarchy, with basic physiological needs at the bottom and self-actualization at the top.
The diathesis-stress model proposes that mental disorders result from the interaction between a predispositional vulnerability and environmental stressors.
The psychodynamic perspective emphasizes the influence of unconscious drives and early childhood experiences on behavior and personality.
Freud's psychoanalytic theory divides the mind into the id (instincts), ego (reality principle), and superego (moral principle), with conflicts between them driving behavior.
Dissociative identity disorder, previously known as multiple personality disorder, involves having two or more distinct identities or personality states.
Mood refers to a prevailing emotional state. The main types of mood disorders are major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia).
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia include hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking and speech.
Anxiety disorders are a group of mental illnesses characterized by excessive, persistent worry and fear about everyday situations.
Exposure therapy is a treatment for anxiety disorders that involves gradually and systematically confronting feared objects or situations in a safe environment.
CBT is a form of psychotherapy that focuses on changing irrational or maladaptive thought patterns and behaviors.