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AP Human Geography
45 flashcards
Human geography studies the relationship between humans and their environments, focusing on patterns of human activity across space.
The main branches are cultural geography, economic geography, health geography, historical geography, political geography, population geography, and urban geography.
Cultural geography studies the influence of culture on how people use and perceive spaces and landscapes.
A cultural landscape is the visible imprint of human activity and culture on a geographic area over time.
Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world's economies, cultures, and populations, aided by cross-border trade, technology, and investment flows.
A folk culture is a small, rural, isolated, and traditional culture that developed organically before the era of mass communication and transportation.
A popular culture is a contemporary culture widely practiced and disseminated via mass media and consumer goods across national boundaries.
A language family is a group of languages descended from a common ancestral language, sharing similarities in structure, vocabulary, and grammar.
Ethnicity refers to a shared cultural identity, ancestry, language, patterns of behavior, and sense of belonging for a group of people.
A nation is a culturally distinctive group of people with a sense of unity, territory, institutions, and shared customs and history.
A state is a politically organized territory with a permanent population, defined territorial boundaries, and a government with the power to make and enforce laws.
The main economic sectors are primary (raw materials like agriculture, mining), secondary (manufacturing and construction), tertiary (services), and quaternary (information-based activities).
A renewable resource is a natural resource that can replenish itself through biological or natural processes, such as solar, wind, water, and some forest and agricultural products.
A core area is a prosperous, technologically innovative, and economically productive region that drives much of the world's economy and globalization.
A periphery region is an area that is dependent on core regions for economic viability and innovation, often providing labor and raw materials to the core areas.
The demographic transition model describes how populations transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops economically.
The epidemiologic transition model describes how causes of death and disease transition from famine, malnutrition, and pandemic infectious diseases to degenerative and human-created diseases as countries develop economically.
The mobility transition model describes how patterns of migration and mobility transition from low circulation to high circulation as societies develop economically and technologically.
A push factor is a circumstance that encourages or forces someone to leave their current place of residence, such as war, famine, lack of jobs, or persecution.
A pull factor is a circumstance that attracts or draws people to a new place of residence, such as job opportunities, better living conditions, or political freedom.
Rural-to-urban migration is the movement of people from rural areas to cities and towns in search of employment and opportunities.
Urbanization is the process by which an increasing percentage of a population migrates to cities and suburbs.
A primate city is a leading city that is disproportionately larger than others in the same country or territory in terms of population and economic importance.
The gravity model states that the movement of people, goods, and services between two places depends on the distance between them and their respective 'masses' or population sizes.
Models of urban structure describe and predict patterns of land use, density, growth, and social areas within cities or metropolitan areas, such as the concentric zone, sector, and multiple nuclei models.
Environmental determinism is the notion that the physical environment, rather than social conditions, determines culture and shapes the pattern of human activities and societies.
Environmental possibilism states that the physical environment presents possibilities and constraints, but culture is the major control over the ways in which the environment is used.
A sequent occupance is the idea that successive groups of people alter a landscape in different ways, resulting in a cumulative record of their occupation over time as expressed in the cultural landscape.
Land degradation processes include soil erosion, desertification, deforestation, and loss of biodiversity, often caused by human activities like agriculture, mining, urbanization, and pollution.
Clearcutting is a type of deforestation where all the trees in an area are uniformly cut down.
Sustainable development is development that meets current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
The Water Footprint measures the amount of water used to produce goods and services, taking into account consumption and pollution, for better freshwater management.
The Greenhouse Effect is the trapping of heat in the Earth's atmosphere by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane, causing global warming and climate change.
Urban sprawl is the unrestricted outward growth and expansion of a city creating car-dependent residential and commercial areas with low population density over a large area.
Mixed land use is the practice of allowing more than one type of land use in an area, such as residential, commercial, and office uses in the same neighborhood.
Redlining is the unethical practice of denying mortgage loans and other services to certain areas of a city, often on the basis of race or ethnicity, perpetuating segregation.
Measures of spatial distribution describe the arrangement of geographic features across space, such as density, concentration, clustering, and dispersion.
Geographic information systems (GIS) are computer-based systems that capture, store, analyze, and display location-based data to visualize spatial relationships.
Mental maps are personal representations or images of parts of the world that reflect a person's spatial awareness, perceptions, and attitudes about places.
Supranational organizations are international groups like the European Union and United Nations, which govern certain processes and have authority over member nations and policies in limited areas.
A stateless nation is a nation or ethnic group that does not have a sovereign, independent state or country of its own to call a homeland.
Balkanization refers to the fragmentation or division of a region into smaller, hostile ethnic or territorial units, often resulting in increased instability and conflict.
Gerrymandering is the manipulation of electoral district boundaries for political gain or to favor one group or party over others.
Examples of centrifugal forces that promote disunity in a country are ethnic conflicts, secessionist movements, strong regional identities, and inequalities among groups.
Examples of centripetal forces that unite a nation are a strong central government, a dominant culture or religion, patriotism and nationalism, and economic interdependence among regions.