Social structure refers to the distinct pattern of social arrangements in society that are both emergent from and determinant of the actions of individuals. It includes institutions, roles, norms, and other stable patterns that organize social life.

Demography is the statistical study of human populations, including their size, distribution, composition, and the causes and consequences of changes in these factors over time.

Social inequality refers to the unequal distribution of valued resources, rewards, and positions across different individuals and groups in society based on factors like wealth, power, race, gender, etc.

In-groups are social groups to which an individual belongs and feels loyalty towards. Out-groups are groups that an individual does not belong to and may view more negatively due to an 'us vs them' mentality.

Social mobility refers to the movement of individuals, families or groups through a system of social hierarchy or different social strata in a society.

Social stratification refers to the existence of structured inequalities between groups in society, in terms of their access to wealth, power, and status.

Ascribed status is a position an individual inherits or is assigned at birth, like race or gender. Achieved status refers to a position gained through individual effort or accomplishment.

A social institution is an established and organized pattern of beliefs, roles, norms and structures that fulfill basic societal needs and goals, like the institutions of family, education, religion, etc.

A reference group is a social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions, providing norms, values, attitudes and behaviors for an individual or another group.

Social integration refers to the degree to which individuals are tied into social relationships, groups, and institutions, and share common values and a sense of belonging with others.

Cultural capital refers to the collection of symbolic elements like skills, tastes, credentials, and modes of behavior that an individual inherits and that confers social status and mobility.

Social networks are the web of social relationships and ties that link individuals to one another based on common interests, values, activities, kinship, etc.

The sociological perspective is a way of viewing the world that examines how individual circumstances, behaviors, and life chances are influenced by the contexts of social structures and forces.

Intersectionality refers to the interconnected nature of social categorizations like race, class, and gender that create overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage.

Social construction refers to the way in which meanings, ideas, and realities come to be viewed as objective, natural, and true through ongoing social processes, rather than existing naturally.

Social roles are patterns of behavior and attitudes that are expected of individuals in a given status, social position, or set of circumstances in society.

Social deviance refers to behavior, beliefs, or characteristics that violate significant social norms and are negatively valued by a substantial part of society.

Power refers to the ability of individuals or groups to achieve their goals or further their interests, despite resistance from others. It stems from control over resources, force, authority, or influence.

Social reproduction refers to the ways in which the hierarchical divisions, inequalities, and power relations of a society are maintained and perpetuated across generations.

Social mobility is the movement of individuals, families or groups through different positions in a system of social stratification or hierarchy in a society.

Cultural relativism is the principle of regarding and trying to understand the beliefs, values, and practices of a culture from the viewpoint of that culture itself, rather than judging it by one's own cultural biases.

The conflict perspective views society as an arena of struggle for power and resources between competing social groups with conflicting economic, social, political and cultural interests.

Sanctions are a system of rewards and punishments that motivate individuals to conform to social norms and expectations by prescribing consequences for desired or undesired behaviors.

The sociological imagination is the ability to situate personal troubles and life trajectories within an awareness of the broader social and historical circumstances that shape individual lives.

Social facts are external patterns of behavior, norms, structures, and ways of thinking in society that exert coercive power over the individual and constrain their behavior or beliefs.

Anomie refers to a condition of normlessness, instability, or a breakdown of social norms regulating individual conduct, resulting in a feeling of alienation or purposelessness in society.

Agency refers to the capacity of individuals to act independently and make free choices, resist social constraints, and influence or alter the course of events based on their intentions and understandings.

Structural functionalism is a theoretical perspective that views society as a complex system whose component institutions, roles, and parts work together to maintain stability and order.

A social movement is a sustained, organized effort by a group to bring about or resist social change through collective action by promoting particular political, social, economic, or cultural goals.

An ideal type is an abstract model of a phenomenon that brings together some of its most essential characteristics or elements in an exaggerated or pure form, serving as an analytical construct against which reality can be compared.

Primary groups are small, informal, face-to-face groups involving intimate and enduring relationships, like families. Secondary groups are larger, more impersonal groups based on specific interests or activities.

Social solidarity refers to the mutual support, shared values, and degree of integration among the members of a group or society that creates a sense of unity and bonding.

Symbolic interactionism is a theoretical perspective that views society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals, focusing on how shared meanings, interpretations, and understandings shape human behavior.

The self refers to an individual's conscious reflection on their identity, roles, feelings, and behaviors, shaped through social interactions and shaped by the perspectives of others.

The presentation of self refers to how individuals consciously and strategically convey impressions, behaviors, appearances, and aspects of their identity to others in social interactions.

Core institutions are the central components of a society's social structure that organize, govern, and meet fundamental human needs, such as family, religion, education, economy, and government.

Social change refers to the transformations over time in the culture, institutions, behaviors, social structure, and social relations of a society or social group.

Values are shared beliefs, ideals and moral principles that are widely accepted in a society about what is desirable, good and important, and that guide behavior and decision-making.

Cultural lag refers to the delayed adjustment and adaptation of some aspects of culture to rapid change occurring in other spheres of society, creating a temporary mismatch or inconsistency.

The iron law of oligarchy is a theory stating that over time, all organizations, regardless of their initial ideological premise, will inevitably develop an oligarchic or autocratic leadership structure.

Resources in a sociological sense refer to assets, materials, capital or means that can be drawn on by social actors to enhance their life chances or achieve particular outcomes.

A master status is a status or social position of an individual that takes precedence over all other statuses and categories in shaping their identity, how others view them, and their life experiences.

Ethnocentrism is the attitude of evaluating and judging other cultures and groups solely by the standards, values, and beliefs of one's own culture, considering it as superior to others.

Roles refer to the expected patterns of behavior associated with a particular position or status that an individual occupies in society or a group context.

The looking-glass self is the idea that a person's self-concept and sense of identity is shaped by how they perceive others viewing and evaluating them, and then internalizing that perception.

Differential association theory states that criminal or deviant behavior is learned through interaction with others in intimate groups, and that such behavior is learned the same way as any other behavior.

Norms are the explicit or implicit rules, expectations, and standards of behavior that are considered acceptable and approved within a particular society or group.

Verstehen is the sociological perspective and approach that aims to understand the subjective lived experiences, motives, interpretations, and attitudes of social actors to gain insight into their behavior.

Heteronormativity refers to the cultural bias and social norm that views heterosexuality as the only normal, natural, and acceptable sexual orientation and expression.

The sociological eye or imagination refers to the ability to see the connection between personal experiences and larger social forces, patterns and contexts that shape individual lives.