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Psychology
50 flashcards
Mental health refers to a person's emotional, psychological, and social well-being.
A psychological disorder is a pattern of behavioral or psychological symptoms that causes distress or impairment.
Therapy is the treatment of psychological disorders or problems through various techniques and approaches.
Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and behavior.
The major perspectives in psychology are behavioral, biological, cognitive, humanistic, psychodynamic, and sociocultural.
The behavioral perspective proposes that all behaviors are learned from the environment.
The biological perspective examines how the brain, heredity, and physiology influence behaviors and mental processes.
The cognitive perspective focuses on how people acquire, process, and store information.
The humanistic perspective emphasizes the importance of free will, self-actualization, and human potential.
The psychodynamic perspective proposes that unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior and personality.
The sociocultural perspective examines how social, cultural, and environmental factors influence behavior and thoughts.
Sensation refers to the process of detecting physical stimuli from the environment through sensory receptors.
Perception is the process of interpreting and giving meaning to sensory information from the environment.
Attention is the ability to selectively concentrate on particular objects or information while ignoring others.
Memory is the process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information in the brain.
The three stages of memory are encoding, storage, and retrieval.
Classical conditioning is a type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that naturally evokes a response.
Operant conditioning is a type of learning where behaviors are strengthened or weakened by their consequences.
Social learning theory proposes that people can learn new behaviors by observing others.
Motivation is the process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors.
Emotion is a complex psychological state that involves subjective experience, physiological response, and expressive behavior.
Personality is the unique pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that characterize an individual.
Intelligence is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills.
The nature vs. nurture debate is the issue of the degree to which environment and heredity influence behavior and development.
Psychotherapy is a type of therapy that uses psychological techniques to help people overcome problems and develop better well-being.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on changing unhelpful thoughts and behaviors.
Humanistic therapy is a type of psychotherapy that emphasizes personal growth, self-actualization, and realizing one's full potential.
Psychoanalytic therapy is a type of psychotherapy that explores unconscious motives, desires, and conflicts.
Group therapy is a type of psychotherapy where a small group of people meet regularly to discuss personal issues and provide support.
Family therapy is a type of psychotherapy that involves treating a family as a system and addressing issues within that system.
Developmental psychology is the study of how individuals change over the course of their lifespan, from conception to death.
Social psychology is the study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the presence of others.
Industrial-organizational psychology is the study of human behavior in the workplace and the application of psychological principles to improve workplace productivity and well-being.
Forensic psychology is the application of psychological principles and techniques to legal issues and the criminal justice system.
Educational psychology is the study of how people learn and the factors that influence the learning process.
Clinical psychology is the branch of psychology that deals with the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of mental disorders.
Counseling psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on helping people with personal, emotional, and developmental issues.
Health psychology is the study of how psychological factors relate to health, illness, and health-promoting behaviors.
Sport psychology is the study of how psychological factors influence performance and participation in sports.
Positive psychology is the study of human strengths, well-being, and optimal functioning.
Experimental psychology is the branch of psychology that uses scientific methods to study behavior and mental processes.
The Stanford Prison Experiment was a famous psychological study that demonstrated how situational forces can lead people to behave in cruel and inhumane ways.
The Milgram Obedience Experiment was a study that investigated the extent to which people would obey authority figures, even if it involved inflicting harm on others.
The Bystander Effect is a social phenomenon in which individuals are less likely to help someone in need when others are present.
The Placebo Effect is a phenomenon in which a person experiences a beneficial effect from an inert or fake treatment due to their belief that it will work.
Classical conditioning is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus to produce a learned response. It was discovered by Ivan Pavlov.
Operant conditioning is a method of learning that employs reinforcements to modify behavior and its consequences. It was proposed by B.F. Skinner.
Social learning theory states that people can learn new behaviors by observing others. It was developed by Albert Bandura.
The cognitive revolution was the emergence of cognitive psychology in the 1950s and 1960s, shifting focus from behaviorism to exploring internal mental processes like perception, thinking, memory, and language.
Piaget's theory proposes that children progress through four stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. Schemas and adaptation are central concepts.