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Classical Greek
48 flashcards
The major city-states of ancient Greece were Athens, Sparta, Corinth, Thebes, and Argos among others.
The Acropolis was an ancient citadel located on a high rocky outcrop above the city of Athens and containing the Parthenon and other important buildings and temples.
The Parthenon was a former temple on the Athenian Acropolis, dedicated to the goddess Athena. It is an enduring symbol of Ancient Greece and one of the world's greatest cultural monuments.
Athenian democracy was a system of direct democracy where eligible citizens directly participated in the decision-making process. Key characteristics included legislative bodies, voting assemblies, selection by lot, and elected officials.
Major philosophers included Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Epicurus, Zeno, and others who laid the foundations of Western philosophy.
Key subjects included metaphysics, logic, ethics, politics, science, and the nature of reality, knowledge, values, and reason.
The Peloponnesian War was a long conflict between Athens and Sparta that marked the dramatic end of the Golden Age of Ancient Greece. It signaled the transfer of hegemony from Athens to Sparta.
Major architectural forms included the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders characterized by the distinctive capitals on the columns.
Greek drama focused on mythology, legends, and the relationships between gods and humans. Tragedies explored moral dilemmas while comedies often satirized politicians and society.
The ancient Olympic Games were a series of athletic competitions held in Olympia, Greece, that formed part of a religious festival honoring Zeus, the king of the gods.
Oracles played an important role as places where the gods could communicate through prophets and priests. The most famous was the Oracle of Delphi associated with the god Apollo.
The Eleusinian Mysteries were ancient initiation ceremonies held yearly for the cult of Demeter and Persephone based at the town of Eleusis in Attica.
Major Greek myths included stories about the Olympian gods, the Titanomachy, the Trojan War, the travels of Odysseus, the labors of Heracles, and the tragic house of Atreus.
The major Hellenic peoples included the Dorians, Ionians, Aeolians, and Achaeans who spoke various ancient Greek dialects.
The Greek city-states were known as poleis (singular: polis), which consisted of an urban center and surrounding territories.
The major playwrights were Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides for tragedy, and Aristophanes for comedy.
The main sources of wealth for Athens were maritime trade, silver mining revenues, and allied tribute from the Delian League.
The Delphic oracle was the most prestigious and authoritative oracle among the Greeks. It was consulted on important decisions and to understand the divine will.
The main Greek gods were the Olympians including Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Athena, Apollo, Artemis, Ares, Aphrodite, Hermes, Demeter, Dionysus, and Hephaestus.
The Hellenistic period saw the spread of Greek culture and influence throughout lands conquered by Alexander the Great, leading to a fusion of Greek and other ancient civilizations.
Key features included a legislative body (the Ecclesia), selection by lot for offices, and political participation for male citizens. Women and slaves were excluded.
The main styles included the black-figure technique, the red-figure technique, and the white-ground technique used to decorate ancient Greek pottery.
The Battle of Marathon in 490 BCE was a decisive victory by the outnumbered Athenians over the invading Persians, marking the end of the first Persian invasion of Greece.
Sparta was a warrior city-state in ancient Greece with a powerful army and rigid social structure aimed at military training and service.
Common themes included the role of fate, pride leading to a fall, human weakness, and conflicts between moral obligations.
The Iliad was an epic poem attributed to Homer that recounted a few weeks of the 10-year Trojan War and the conflict between Achilles and Agamemnon.
Ancient Greek colonization saw the establishment of Greek city-states in coastal regions across the Mediterranean and Black Sea from the 8th to 6th centuries BCE.
The symposium was a drinking party or convivial meeting in ancient Greece with music, poetry, entertainment, and intellectual discussion.
The main types included the open-air ancient Greek theatres and smaller enclosed theatre buildings or odeons. They hosted plays, dithyrambs, and musical events.
The Homeric Hymns were a collection of ancient Greek hexameter poetry and hymns to various gods composed around the 7th century BCE.
The Greco-Persian Wars were a series of conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire that helped determine Greek independence and influence in the ancient Mediterranean region.
Homer was a legendary ancient Greek epic poet traditionally credited as the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, the two great epics of ancient Greece.
The Delian League was a maritime confederation formed in 478 BCE to undermine Persian power, but eventually dominated by Athens to advance its own imperial ambitions.
The agora was a central public open space used for political, commercial, social, and religious activities in ancient Greek city-states.
The Hellenistic period (323-30 BCE) was the time after Alexander the Great's death when Greek culture spread across Southwest Asia and the Mediterranean, influencing local societies.
Ostracism was a process in Athenian democracy where citizens could vote to exile someone from Athens for 10 years to limit their growing political influence.
Major ancient Greek historians included Herodotus, known as the 'Father of History', Thucydides, Xenophon, and Polybius among others.
Key types included amphorae for storage and transport, kraters for mixing wine, hydrias for carrying water, and various shapes of drinking vessels and other wares.
Major festivals included the Panathenaia for Athena, Dionysia for Dionysus, Eleusinian Mysteries for Demeter and Persephone, and the Olympic Games.
Hetairai were courtesans or educated companions in ancient Greece who were sophisticated, cultured women, not prostitutes.
The Archaic period (c. 800-500 BCE) of ancient Greek art saw a shift towards life-sized human figures from geometric designs, and the origins of Greek architectural orders.
The pre-Socratic philosophers were philosophers in ancient Greek cities who preceded and influenced Socrates, such as Thales, Anaximander, Pythagoras, and Heraclitus.
The Peloponnesian League was an alliance of city-states in ancient Greece led by Sparta, which fought against the Delian League led by Athens in the Peloponnesian War.
The polis was the characteristic city-state formation in ancient Greece, consisting of an urban center and surrounding territories forming an independent sovereign state.
The Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BCE saw a small Greek force led by the Spartans heroically delay the massive invading Persian army, allowing the Greeks time to prepare defenses.
Hubris referred to excessive pride, arrogance, and lack of humility toward the gods in ancient Greek belief, often leading to retribution or nemesis.
Major mystery cults with initiation rituals included the Eleusinian Mysteries of Demeter, the Mysteries of Samothrace, and the Dionysian Mysteries.
The Oresteia was an ancient Greek trilogy of tragic plays by Aeschylus telling the story of the House of Atreus and Orestes' quest for justice.